Sanskrit demonstrative pronouns
Sanskrit demonstrative pronouns have a declension similar to adjectives.
Pronoun saḥ, sā, tat
This pronoun is translated most often as "he, she, it". It is declined like words with -a- and -ā- stem (ta-, tā-) except nom.sing., but it has some exceptional forms:
in masc. and neutr. with added -asm- : dat. sing. tasmai, abl. sing. tasmāt, loc. sing. tasmin
in fem. : with added -asy- : tasyai, tasyāḥ, tasyām
nom. pl. masc. te, gen. plur. masc.neutr. teṣām
saḥ, sā, tat : singular
case | masculinum | neutrum | femininum |
nom. voc. | saḥ | tat | sā |
acc. | tam | tat | tām |
instr. | tena | | tayā |
dat. | tasmai | | tasyai |
abl. | tasmāt | | tasyāḥ |
gen. | tasya | | tasyāḥ |
loc. | tasmin | | tasyām |
Plural:
case | masculinum | neutrum | femininum |
nom. voc. | te | tāni | tāḥ |
acc. | tān | tāni | tāḥ |
instr. | taiḥ | | tābhiḥ |
dat.abl. | tebhyaḥ | | tābhyaḥ |
gen. | teṣām | | tāsām |
loc. | teṣu | | tāsu |
Dual:
case | masculinum | neutrum | femininum |
nom. acc. voc. | tau | te | te |
instr.dat.abl. | tābhyām | | tābhyām |
gen.loc. | tayoḥ | | tayoḥ |
Pronoun ayam, idam, iyam
This pronoun is also declined like words with -a- and -ā- stem (a-, ā-) except nom. sing. Its stem is ima- / imā- in nom. acc., and a- / ā- in other cases. It has some exceptional forms: it adds -asm- and -asy- in dat. abl. loc. sg. and has nom. pl. masc. ime, gen. plur. masc.neutr. eṣām. Exceptional is instr. plur. ebhiḥ. Three forms begin with an- : anena, anayā, anayoḥ.
ayam, idam, iyam : singular
case | masculinum | neutrum | femininum |
nom. voc. | ayam | idam | iyam |
acc. | amam | idam | imām |
instr. | anena | | anayā |
dat. | asmai | | asyai |
abl. | asmāt | | asyāḥ |
gen. | asya | | asyāḥ |
loc. | asmin | | asyām |
Plural:
case | masculinum | neutrum | femininum |
nom. voc. | ime | imāni | imāḥ |
acc. | imān | imāni | imāḥ |
instr. | ebhiḥ | | ābhiḥ |
dat.abl. | ebhyaḥ | | ābhyaḥ |
gen. | eṣām | | āsām |
loc. | eṣu | | āsu |
Dual:
case | masculinum | neutrum | femininum |
nom. acc. voc. | imau | ime | ume |
instr.dat.abl. | ābhyām | | ābhyām |
gen.loc. | anayoḥ | | anayoḥ |